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The literature on vesicating agents may provide important clues that will lead to the development of effective countermeasures. The reference library outlined below is an important component of our CounterACT Education and Training program run by Drs. Joshua Gray and Diane Heck.
References cataloged by subject:
Pulmonary Effects of Sulfur Mustard
Featured Publications From Our Center:
Chao, P., M. Deshmukh, et al. (2010). "Pulmonary targeting microparticulate camptothecin delivery system: anticancer evaluation in a rat orthotopic lung cancer model." Anticancer Drugs 21(1): 65-76. [abstract]
Jan, Y. H., D. E. Heck, et al. (2010). "Selective Targeting of Selenocysteine in Thioredoxin Reductase by the Half Mustard 2-Chloroethyl Ethyl Sulfide in Lung Epithelial Cells." Chem Res Toxicol. [abstract]
Kutscher, H. L., P. Chao, et al. (2010). "Threshold size for optimal passive pulmonary targeting and retention of rigid microparticles in rats." J Control Release 143(1): 31-7. [abstract]
Malaviya, R. and D. L. Laskin (2010). "Janus kinase-3 dependent inflammatory responses in allergic asthma." Int Immunopharmacol. [abstract]
Sunil, V., F. Kahn, et al. (2009). Inflammatory effects of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide in mouse lung. Proceedings of the Society of Toxicology 48th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo, Baltimore, MD, Society of Toxicology.
Yang, S., J. P. Gray, et al. (2009). Identification of an FAD-independent redox cycling activity for 9,10-phenanthrenequinonein mouse lung epithelial cells. Proceedings of the Society of Toxicology 48th Annual Meeting and ToxExpo Baltimore, MD, Society of Toxicology.
Gray JP, Casillas RP, Sabourin CLK, Shakarjian M, Heindel ND, Gerecke DR, Heck DE, Laskin DL, and Laskin JD. 2007. Role of antioxidants in regulating wound healing in vesicant-induced skin toxicity. HFM Symposium on Defense Against the Effects of Chemical Hazards: Toxicology, Diagnosis, and Medical Countermeasures. Edinburgh, Scotland, 2007. [abstract].
Gerecke DR, Sabourin CLK, Bhatt P, Rudge Jr TL, Casillas RP, Kiser RC, Casbohm SL, Riley DJ, Ohman-Strickland P, Ajibade DV, and Shakarjian MP. 2004. Laminin 5 and Gelatinase alterations in mouse skin following sulfur mustard (SM) exposure. Proceedings of Bioscience Review, 211: 1-12. [pdf]
General Pulmonary Publications:
Aasted, A., E. Darre, et al. (1987). "Mustard gas: clinical, toxicological, and mutagenic aspects based on modern experience." Ann Plast Surg 19(4): 330-3. Pubmed=3318637
Aasted, A., H. C. Wulf, et al. (1985). "[Fishermen exposed to mustard gas. Clinical experience and evaluation of the cancer risk]." Ugeskr Laeger 147(28): 2213-6. Pubmed=4060277
Aghanouri, R., M. Ghanei, et al. (2004). "Fibrogenic cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage aspirates 15 years after exposure to sulfur mustard." Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 287(6): L1160-4. Pubmed=15286001
Allon, N., E. Gilat, et al. (1993). Sulfur mustard inhalation induced respiratory lesions in guinea pigs: Physiological, biochemical and histological study. . Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Amir, A., S. Chapman, et al. (2000). "Sulfur mustard toxicity in macrophages: effect of dexamethasone." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S51-8. Pubmed=11428643
Amitai, G., R. Adani, et al. (2005). "Bifunctional compounds eliciting anti-inflammatory and anti-cholinesterase activity as potential treatment of nerve and blister chemical agents poisoning." Chem Biol Interact 157-158: 361-2. Pubmed=16498717
Anderson, D. R., S. L. Byers, et al. (1997). "Biochemical alterations in rat lung lavage fluid following acute sulfur mustard inhalation." Inhal Toxicol 9: 43-51.
Anderson, D. R., S. L. Byers, et al. (2000). "Treatment of sulfur mustard (HD)-induced lung injury." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S129-32. Pubmed=11428623
Anderson, D. R., J. J. Yourick, et al. (1996). "Pathologic changes in rat lungs following acute sulfur mustard inhalation." Inhal Toxicol 8: 295-297.
Andrew, D. J. and C. D. Lindsay (1998). "Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by glutathione esters." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(7): 387-95. Pubmed=9726535
Andrew, D. J. and C. D. Lindsay (1998). "Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT)." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(7): 373-9. Pubmed=9726533
Angelov, A., L. Belchev, et al. (1996). "Study of some toxic effects of sulfur mustard gas on broiler chickens." Vet Archiv 66: 27-34.
Assennato, G., F. Ambrosi, et al. (1997). "[Possible long-term effects on the respiratory system of exposure to yperite of fishermen]." Med Lav 88(2): 148-54. Pubmed=9312665
Attaran, D., M. Khajedaloui, et al. (2006). "Health-related quality of life in patients with chemical warfare-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Arch Iran Med 9(4): 359-63. Pubmed=17061610
Bagheri, M. H., S. K. Hosseini, et al. (2003). "High-resolution CT in chronic pulmonary changes after mustard gas exposure." Acta Radiol 44(3): 241-5. Pubmed=12751992
Balali-Mood, M. and M. Hefazi (2006). "Comparison of early and late toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans." Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 99(4): 273-82. Pubmed=17040211
Balali-Mood, M., M. Hefazi, et al. (2005). "Long-term complications of sulphur mustard poisoning in severely intoxicated Iranian veterans." Fundam Clin Pharmacol 19(6): 713-21. Pubmed=16313284
Calvet, J. H., A. Coste, et al. (1996). "Airway epithelial damage induced by sulfur mustard in guinea pigs, effects of glucocorticoids." Hum Exp Toxicol 15(12): 964-71. Pubmed=8981100
Calvet, J. H., M. P. D'Ortho, et al. (1994). "Glucocorticoids inhibit sulfur mustard-induced airway muscle hyperresponsiveness to substance P." J Appl Physiol 77(5): 2325-32. Pubmed=7532648
Calvet, J. H., J. P. Gascard, et al. (1999). "Airway epithelial damage and release of inflammatory mediators in human lung parenchyma after sulfur mustard exposure." Hum Exp Toxicol 18(2): 77-81. Pubmed=10100019
Calvet, J. H., E. Planus, et al. (1999). "Matrix metalloproteinase gelatinases in sulfur mustard-induced acute airway injury in guinea pigs." Am J Physiol 276(5 Pt 1): L754-62. Pubmed=10330031
Calvet, J. H., G. Trouiller, et al. (1993). Acute and chronic respiratory lesions induced by sulfur mustard in guinea pigs: Role of Tachykinins. Proceedings of the medical defense bioscience review, Baltimore, MD, US Department of Commerce.
Case, R. A. and A. J. Lea (1955). "Mustard gas poisoning, chronic bronchitis, and lung cancer; an investigation into the possibility that poisoning by mustard gas in the 1914-18 war might be a factor in the production of neoplasia." Br J Prev Soc Med 9(2): 62-72. Pubmed=14378527
Chatterjee, D., S. Mukherjee, et al. (2003). "Signal transduction events in lung injury induced by 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, a mustard analog." J Biochem Mol Toxicol 17(2): 114-21. Pubmed=12717745
Chevillard, M., P. Lainee, et al. (1992). "Toxic effects of sulfur mustard on respiratory epithelial cells in culture." Cell Biol Toxicol 8(2): 171-81. Pubmed=1422926
Clemedson, C. J., H. Kristoffersson, et al. (1963). "Whole body autoradiographic studies of the distribution of sulphur 35-labelled mustard gas in mice." Acta Radiol Ther Phys Biol 1: 314-20. Pubmed=14073976
Cowan, F. M., D. R. Anderson, et al. (1997). "Biochemical alterations in rat lung lavage fluid following acute sulfur mustard inhalation: II. Increases in proteolytic activity." Inhal Toxicol 9: 53-61.
Cowan, F. M., W. J. Smith, et al. (2004). Sulfur mustard- and phosgene- increased IL-8 in human small airway cell cultures: Implications for medical countermeasures against inhalation toxicity. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counteract # 1073
Das, S. K., S. Mukherjee, et al. (2004). Role of Sphingomyelinase in the Mustard Gas Induced Apoptosis in Guinea Pig Lung. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counteract # 1089
Dillman III, J. F., C. S. Phillips, et al. (2004). Gene expression profile induced in the rat lung by sulfur mustard exposure. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counteract # 1053
Dillman, J. F., 3rd, C. S. Phillips, et al. (2005). "Genomic analysis of rodent pulmonary tissue following bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulfide exposure." Chem Res Toxicol 18(1): 28-34. Pubmed=15651846
Easton, D. F., J. Peto, et al. (1988). "Cancers of the respiratory tract in mustard gas workers." Br J. Ind Med 45: 652-659.
Elsayed, N. M. and S. T. Omaye (2004). "Biochemical changes in mouse lung after subcutaneous injection of the sulfur mustard 2-chloroethyl 4-chlorobutyl sulfide." Toxicology 199(2-3): 195-206. Pubmed=15147793
Elsayed, N. M., S. T. Omaye, et al. (1992). "Free radical-mediated lung response to the monofunctional sulfur mustard butyl 2-chloroethyl sulfide after subcutaneous injection." Toxicology 72(2): 153-65. Pubmed=1566277
Emad, A. and Y. Emad (2006). "Increase in CD8 T lymphocytes in the BAL fluid of patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced pulmonary fibrosis." Respir Med. Pubmed=16982181
Emad, A. and Y. Emad (2007). "CD4/CD8 ratio and cytokine levels of the BAL fluid in patients with bronchiectasis caused by sulfur mustard gas inhalation." J Inflamm (Lond) 4: 2. Pubmed=17224076
Emad, A. and Y. Emad (2007). "Levels of cytokine in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid in patients with pulmonary fibrosis due to sulfur mustard gas inhalation." J Interferon Cytokine Res 27(1): 38-43. Pubmed=17266442
Emad, A. and G. R. Rezaian (1997). "The diversity of the effects of sulfur mustard gas inhalation on respiratory system 10 years after a single, heavy exposure: analysis of 197 cases." Chest 112(3): 734-8. Pubmed=9315808
Emad, A. and G. R. Rezaian (1999). "Characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced asthma or chronic bronchitis." Am J Med 106(6): 625-8. Pubmed=10378619
Emad, A. and G. R. Rezaian (1999). "Immunoglobulins and cellular constituents of the BAL fluid of patients with sulfur mustard gas-induced pulmonary fibrosis." Chest 115(5): 1346-51. Pubmed=10334151
EPA (1994). Methods for derivation of inhalation reference concentrations and application of inhalation dosimetry. Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office: EPA600890066F.
Frank, A. L. (1982). "The epidemiology and etiology of lung cancer." Clin Chest Med 3: 219-228.
Frank, A. L. (1987). "Occupational cancers of the respiratory system." Seminars in Occupational Medicine 2: 257-266.
Georgacopulo, P., S. Guerrieri, et al. (1964). "[Modality of reabsorption of labelled nitrogen mustard introduced in the bronchi. Histoautoradiographic study.]." Minerva Chir 19: 667-9. Pubmed=14228786
Ghanei, M., S. Akhlaghpoor, et al. (2004). "Tracheobronchial stenosis following sulfur mustard inhalation." Inhal Toxicol 16(13): 845-9. Pubmed=15513816
Ghanei, M., H. Fathi, et al. (2004). "Long-term respiratory disorders of claimers with subclinical exposure to chemical warfare agents." Inhal Toxicol 16(8): 491-5. Pubmed=15204740
Ghanei, M., A. A. Harandi, et al. (2006). "Sinus CT scan findings in patients with chronic cough following sulfur mustard inhalation: a case-control study." Inhal Toxicol 18(14): 1135-8. Pubmed=17050348
Ghanei, M., M. Mokhtari, et al. (2004). "Bronchiolitis obliterans following exposure to sulfur mustard: chest high resolution computed tomography." Eur J Radiol 52(2): 164-9. Pubmed=15489074
Giuliani, I., E. Boivieux-Ulrich, et al. (1994). "Toxic effects of mechlorethamine on mammalian respiratory mucociliary epithelium in primary culture." Cell Biol Toxicol 10(4): 231-46. Pubmed=7895152
Guignabert, C., L. Taysse, et al. (2005). "Effect of doxycycline on sulfur mustard-induced respiratory lesions in guinea pigs." Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289(1): L67-74. Pubmed=15778244
Hefazi, M., D. Attaran, et al. (2005). "Late respiratory complications of mustard gas poisoning in Iranian veterans." Inhal Toxicol 17(11): 587-92. Pubmed=16033754
Heston, W. E. (1953). "Pulmonary tumors in Strain A mice exposed to mustard gas." Proc Soc for Experimental Biology and Medicine 82: 457-460.
Hosseini, K., A. Moradi, et al. (1989). "Pulmonary manifestations of mustard gas injury: a review of 61 cases." Iran J Med Sci 14(2): 20-26.
Illig, L., E. Paul, et al. (1979). "[Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with external sulfur mustard gas with particular reference to its potential carcinogenic risk. III. Clinical and experimental studies on the extent of percutaneous and inhalational uptake of sulfur mustard gas]." Z Hautkr 54(21): 941-51. Pubmed=392972
Kehe, K., M. I. Hermanns, et al. (2004). An in vitro human Alveolar co-culture model – Effects of sulfur mustard. Proceedings of the U.S. Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Counteract # 1054
Kumar, O., K. Sugendran, et al. (2001). "Protective effect of various antioxidants on the toxicity of sulphur mustard administered to mice by inhalation or percutaneous routes." Chem Biol Interact 134(1): 1-12. Pubmed=11248218
Kumar, O. and R. Vijayaraghavan (1998). "Effect of sulphur mustard inhalation exposure on some urinary variables in mice." J Appl Toxicol 18(4): 257-9. Pubmed=9719425
Kurozumi, S., Y. Harada, et al. (1977). "Airway malignancy in poisonous gas workers." J Laryngol Otol 91(3): 217-25. Pubmed=850101
Lakshmana Rao, P. V., R. Vijayaraghavan, et al. (1999). "Sulphur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure." Toxicology 139(1-2): 39-51. Pubmed=10614687
Langford, A. M., M. J. Hobbs, et al. (1996). "The effect of sulphur mustard on glutathione levels in rat lung slices and the influence of treatment with arylthiols and cysteine esters." Hum Exp Toxicol 15(8): 619-24. Pubmed=8863055
Lemen, R. A. (1986). "Occupationally induced lung cancer epidemiology." Occup Respir Dis 629-656.
Lindsay, C. D. and J. L. Hambrook (1997). "Protection of A549 cells against the toxic effects of sulphur mustard by hexamethylenetetramine." Hum Exp Toxicol 16(2): 106-14. Pubmed=9051415
Lindsay, C. D. and J. L. Hambrook (1998). "Diisopropylglutathione ester protects A549 cells from the cytotoxic effects of sulphur mustard." Hum Exp Toxicol 17(11): 606-12. Pubmed=9865417
Logan, T. P., J. S. Graham, et al. (2000). "Detection and measurement of sulfur mustard offgassing from the weanling pig following exposure to saturated sulfur mustard vapor." J Appl Toxicol 20 Suppl 1: S199-204. Pubmed=11428637
Martinez-Moreno, P., S. Nieto-Ceron, et al. (2005). "Acetylcholinesterase biogenesis is impaired in lung cancer tissues." Chem Biol Interact 157-158: 359-61. Pubmed=16429485
McClintock, S. D., L. M. Hoesel, et al. (2006). "Attenuation of half sulfur mustard gas-induced acute lung injury in rats." J Appl Toxicol 26(2): 126-31. Pubmed=16252256
Merat, S., J. P. Perez, et al. (2003). "[Acute poisoning by chemical warfare agent: sulfur mustard]." Ann Fr Anesth Reanim 22(2): 108-18. Pubmed=12706764
Mirsadraee, M., D. Attaran, et al. (2005). "Airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine in chemical warfare victims." Respiration 72(5): 523-8. Pubmed=15988169
Morgenstern, P., F. Koss, et al. (1947). "Residual mustard gas bronchitis; effects of prolonged exposure to low concentrations." Ann Intern Med 26: 27-40.
Nishimoto, Y., B. Burrows, et al. (1970). "Chronic obstructive lung disease in Japanese poison gas workers." Am Rev Respir Dis 102(2): 173-9. Pubmed=5431873
Nishimoto, Y., M. Yamakido, et al. (1988). Epidemiological studies of lung cancer in Japanese mustard gas workers. Unusual occurrences as clues to cancer etiology. R. W. Miller, et al. Tokyo, Japan, Japan Science Society Press: 95-101.
Nishimoto, Y., M. Yamakido, et al. (1983). "Long-term observation of poison gas workers with special reference to respiratory cancers." J Uoeh 5 Suppl: 89-94. Pubmed=6091215
Norman, J. E., Jr. (1975). "Lung cancer mortality in World War I veterans with mustard-gas injury: 1919-1965." J Natl Cancer Inst 54(2): 311-7. Pubmed=1113317
Pons, F., J. H. Calvet, et al. (2001). "Altered expression of lung cytochrome P450 3A1 in rat after exposure to sulfur mustard." Pharmacol Toxicol 88(1): 40-4. Pubmed=11169160
Rappeneau, S., A. Baeza-Squiban, et al. (2000). "Efficient protection of human bronchial epithelial cells against sulfur and nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity using drug combinations." Toxicol Sci 58(1): 153-60. Pubmed=11053552
Sawyer, T. W., P. E. Wilde, et al. (1995). "Toxicity of sulphur mustard in adult rat lung organ culture." Toxicology 100(1-3): 39-49. Pubmed=7542806
Shimkin, M. B. and J. N. McClelland (1949). "Induced pulmonary tumors in mice. IV. Analysis of dose response data with methyl-cholanthrene." J Natl Cancer Inst 10: 597-603.
Steinritz, D., J. Emmler, et al. (2006). "Apoptosis in sulfur mustard treated A549 cell cultures." Life Sci. Pubmed=17229443
Takeshima, Y., K. Inai, et al. (1994). "Accelerated paper, p53 mutations in lung cancers from Japanese mustard gas workers." Carcinogenesis 15(10): 2075-2079.
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Tokuoka, S., Y. Hayashi, et al. (1986). "Early cancer and related lesions in the bronchial epithelium in former workers of mustard gas factory." Acta Pathol Jpn 36(4): 533-42. Pubmed=3014812
van Helden, H. P., W. C. Kuijpers, et al. (2004). "Asthmalike symptoms following intratracheal exposure of Guinea pigs to sulfur mustard aerosol: therapeutic efficacy of exogenous lung surfactant curosurf and salbutamol." Inhal Toxicol 16(8): 537-48. Pubmed=15204745
Vijayaraghavan, R. (1997). "Modifications of breathing pattern induced by inhaled sulphur mustard in mice." Arch Toxicol 71(3): 157-64. Pubmed=9049052
Wada, S., M. Miyanishi, et al. (1968). "Mustard gas as a cause of respiratory neoplasia in man." Lancet 1(7553): 1161-3. Pubmed=4172287
Wada, S., Y. Nishimoto, et al. (1962). "Malignant respiratory tract neoplasms related to poison gas exposure." Hiroshima J Med Sci 11: 81-91.
Wilde, P. E. and D. G. Upshall (1994). "Cysteine esters protect cultured rodent lung slices from sulphur mustard." Hum Exp Toxicol 13(11): 743-8. Pubmed=7857693
Wormser, U. (1991). "Toxicology of mustard gas." Trends Pharmacol Sci 12(4): 164-7. Pubmed=2063482
Yamada, A. (1963). "On the Late Injuries Following Occupational Inhalation of Mustard Gas, with Special References to Carcinoma of the Respiratory Tract." Acta Pathol Jpn 13: 131-55. Pubmed=14196541
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Yamada, A., F. Hirose, et al. (1957). "Five cases of cancer of the larynx found in persons who suffered from occupational mustard gas poisoning." Gann 48: 366-368.
Zarchi, K., A. Akbar, et al. (2004). "Long-term pulmonary complications in combatants exposed to mustard gas: a historical cohort study." Int J Epidemiol 33(3): 579-81. Pubmed=15163642
