ADDITIONAL CLASS NOTES

• Notes from Topic 1 HIV Disease Continuum
• Notes from Topic 2 Basic Microbiology
• Notes from Topic 3 Infectious Disease
• Notes from Topic 4 Sexually Transmitted Infections (STDs)
• Notes from Topic 5 Natural Defenses
• Notes from Topic 6 Antigens and Immunoglobulins
• Notes from Topic 7 Cells of the Immune System
• Notes from Topic 8 Coordination of the Immune Response
• Notes from Topic 9 Allergies, Part One
• Notes from Topic 9 Allergies, Part Two
• Notes from Topic 10 Virus Anatomy and Replication
• Course Review Outline

Topic 1

HIV Disease Continuum

Initial Infection: Acute symptoms

• flu-like
• mononucleosis
• brain infection

Asymptomatic Stage

Seroconversion = "HIV+" (3 months 90%, 6 months 99%, 12 months 100%)

Early Initial Disease

• lymphadenopathy (swollen glands)
• wasting, weight loss
• night sweats
• neurological damage

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Early Opportunistic Infections

• Candida = thrush
• shingles
• hairy leucoplakia

End Stage= AIDS

• pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii)
• gastrointestinal symptoms
• cancers (Kaposi's sarcoma)

Basic Statistics - http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats.htm

Timeline (slides from class)

Topic 2

Basic Microbiology

Definition:
 the basic microscopic structural and functional units of living things
 
Each cell is living and performs functions essential for the organism

• Stimulus response
• growth
• metabolism
• reproduction

The collection of cells that make a discrete individual is an organism .

There are two major types of cells:
 

PROKARYOTE   Structure simple (Bacteria)  without a nucleus  cell membrane  cell wall  cytoplasm  ribosomes  nuclear material

EUKARYOTE   nucleus  cell membrane  cytoplasm  organelles

 
Eukaryotic Cells Organelles

• mitochondria- chemical energy
• ribosomes - synthesize proteins
• endoplasmic reticulum - membrane network of channels
• golgi bodies - membrane sacs for protein secretion
• vacuoles - membrane sacs for storage
• lysosomes - membrane sacs for enzymes
• centrioles - protein bundles for cell divison

•     Red blood cells carry oxygen
•     Muscle proteins contract, muscle cell contracts
•     Skin protects

An ìorganî is composed of several different types of tissues that work as a unit
  Examples: brain, liver, kidney, heart
 
Several different organs that work together to perform a particular function are an ìOrgan systemî.
 Examples: nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves), respiratory system (nose, windpipe, lungs)

All the systems working together make up the complete living thing = "Organism "

MICROBES
 

•   Pathogens = cause disease
•  Opportunistic pathogens = ìchanceî
•   Beneficial

 

Bacteria  unicellular, prokaryotic   0.5 -2.0 um   binary fission    coccus, bacillus, spirillum, spirochete    Enzymes - extracellular digestion   Toxins - components, waste products Easily treated with antibiotics.

Fungi   multicellular or unicellular, eukaryotic    10 um - macroscopic    sexual and asexual reproduction    Enzymes - extracellular digestion    Toxins - components, waste products   Similar to human cells  infections not easily treated, only a few drugs

Protozoa  unicellular, colonial, eukaryotic    10 um - visible  Parasites - live at cost to host   malaria, amoebic dysentery, sleeping sickness,    toxopasmosis  Very difficult to treat, very few drugs


Cells and Microbes (slides from class) 

• Infectious agents too small to be seen with the microscope using light rays (electrons)
• Obligate intracellular parasites - replicate only inside a living host cell
• Hide inside host cells, rarely treatable
• ìOrganismsî without cells = NOT LIVING
• Are capable of replication (not reproduction)
•  Enter cell (parasite) force cell to make virus proteins, virus genes, package and release.
• Structure:
•  DNA or RNA genetic material
•  Protein Coat = CAPSID
•  Envelope (optional) = membrane coat
•  Specific Host Ranges = receptors match

Lecture 3

Host - harbors another organism

Contaminated - microbes present

Infected - microbes growing
 

Disease - microbes grow to extent that host is harmed, health affected

• Acute Disease - rapid
• Chronic Disease - slow, less severe
• Latent Disease - inactive period

Virulence - degree of intensity of disease

 Rules of Infectious Disease

1. Events:

• Microbe meets Host
• Microbe enters Host
• Microbe spreads thru Host
• Microbe multiples in Host
• Microbe damages Host
• Microbe or Host win, or coexist

3.  General Requirements for Pathogen

• ? Survived from one host to another
• ? Attach to or penetrate host tissues
• ? Withstand host defenses
• ? Cause damage to host tissues

 Factors Affecting Host Population:

•  Total number
•  Birth rate
•  Number of susceptible hosts
•  Transmission rate
•  Death rate
•  Survival rate

Factors Affecting Transmission

•  Efficiency of Virus
•  Encounter rate

Epidemiology - frequency of disease
 

• Prevalence - number infected in specific period of time

Incidence - number of new cases in a specific period of time

Infectious Disease and Epidemiology (slides from class)