posted 2/15/06
Reading Assignment:  Chapter 7

Finish slides from previous lecture.  Then . . .
 

• The Seven Sins of Memory (Schacter, D.L. (1999). American Psychologist, 54(3), 182- 203.)
• Basic idea:
• Memory has short-comings
• These aren't flaws in the system
• Instead, ______________ of otherwise useful features
• Use the "sins" as clues about ______________________
• 2 Kinds of Evidence
• 1. ________________ evidence
• Memory experiments
• Studies with patients who have memory disorders
• 2. _________________ evidence
• Studies of patients with brain lesions
• Studies using neuroimaging techniques
• E.g., Positron emission tomography (PET)
• _____________________________ (fMRI)
• Shows which areas of the brain are using the most blood and ________

• Memory for information _________________ over time
• Retrieval failure or loss from storage?
• "Use it or lose it" memories (what does this show?)
• ______________ forgetting
• Loss of information from ______________  memory
• (How does working memory differ from STM?)
• Gradual and __________- transience are different
• Brain-damaged amnesic patients have long-term forgetting but perform well on working-memory tasks (e.g., digit __________)
• Other patients have intact long-term memory but no immediate retention (working memory deficits in the ______________________ loop)
• Imaging studies
• Activity in 2 brain regions during encoding differentiates words that are later ___________ from those that are _____________
• Shows an encoding failure?

• Lapses of _____________ during encoding or during attempted retrieval
• Absent-mindedness during _____________
• E.g, forgetting where I put the keys
• __________ of processing
• Change blindness (shallow encoding?)
• Absent-mindedness during _____________
• Errors of ________________ memory (failure to execute plan)
• Event-based: cue is not recognized
• Time-based: cue is not generated (especially in old age)
• Patients with frontal lobe lesions show deficits in planning
• Perform well on event-based but not ___________-based tasks
• PET studies show frontal lobe activation during prospective remembering

• Memory is ______________ irretrievable, even when cues are presented
• __________________________
• Unable to produce a word, but know it's available
• Can produce partial phonlogical or semantic info
• Retrieval of similar but incorrect words may interfere with retrieval of target word ("__________")
• More pronounced with old age, especially names
• _______________ cueing effect
• Subjects learn and retrieve lists of words
• Retrieval cues related to a previously studied word can block, rather than enhance, retrieval of target word
• Retrieving on item can block retrieval of other related items
• Shaw et al. (1995)
• Questions about some sweatshirts inhibited retrieval of other sweatshirts relative to school books (not asked about)
• __________ (_________ aphasia) = lack of words for objects
• Deficit may be specific to proper names, or one type of proper name (e.g., names of people)
• Proper name retrieval activates the left temporal pole in the brain.
• Other near-by areas for names of animals, tools, etc.
• ___________ inhibition
• Brain regions activated during retrieval inhibit other areas
• May be a ______________ part of retrieval

• Sins of _____________
• Transience
• Absent mindedness
• Blocking
• Sins of commission

• Memory is present, but is ____________ to the wrong time, place, person, source, etc.
• Source confusion: correctly remember, but misattribute fact to wrong ___________
• E.g. saw rather than imagined, read rather than heard
• Eyewitnesses: May recognize the defendant, but mis- remember from where (from crime scene rather than from TV)
• ________________: No subjective experience of remembering. Instead, attribute idea to own imagination.
• Unintentional plagiarism
• False __________ effect: is name is familiar, attribute that to fame of the person named, rather than to previous previous learning of list of names
• False recall or recognition
• Roediger & McMermott (1995)
• Study words: candy, sour, sugar, bitter, taste, tooth
• Test on studied words (taste), nonstudied unrelated words (point), nonstudied theme word (_________)
• 65-80% of Ss showed __________ recognition
• __________________ was as high as for studied words
• Subjects may be remembering gist
• More common in older adult
• Damage to ___________ lobes associated with source memory errors and false recognition
• Amnesic and Alzheimer's patients show ______________ susceptibility to false recognition.
• Decreased memory but also decreased false memory
• Brain imaging studies show similar brain activity during true and false recognition

• Illusory memories occur in response to a ___________
• Loftus et al. (1978) study
• Subjects saw accident with stop sign
• Later asked about a yield sign
• Still later reported that they had seen a yield sign
• Big question: did "new" memory ____________ old one?
• Source misattribution explanation: Ss misattribute source of yield sign memory to slides of accident rather than do experimenter
• Wells & Bradfield (1998)
• Subjects viewed crime video
• Picked gunman out of a (no ___________) photo lineup
• Those given confirming feedback later had higher confidence in their recollection, more "memory" for _______
• False _______________
• Kassin & Kiechel (1996)
• Ss participated in a RT study, told not to hit ALT
• Experiment accused S and witness confirmed
• Many Ss "____________", especially in fast-paced witness condition.

• Memories influenced and distorted by current ________________________
• __________________ bias: exaggerate consistency between past and present beliefs, attitudes
• McFarland & Ross (1987)
• Rate girl/boyfriend and relationship in initial session
• Rate again 2 months later
• Those who became more negative misremembered initial rating as more ____________ than it was
• Those who became more positive misremembered initial rating as more ____________ than it was
• Retrospective bias is a function of individual's implicit _____________ about whether they have changed over time.
• If one has reason to belief feelings have changed, then may exaggerate differences between past and present feelings
• Conway & Ross (1984) ____________ skills experiment
• Social judgment implications
• Walsh et al.
• Subjects read names of European Amerian and African American names. Asked if they recognized any as names of __________ in the media (none were).
• Subjects "recognized" more ________________ names

• Forgetting something you want ____________
• Transience
• Absent mindedness
• Blocking
• "Remembering" something that _______________
• Misattribution
• Suggestibility
• Bias
• Remembering something you want ______________
• Persistence

• Intrusive recollections of ______________ events
• ______________ over negative events or symptoms
• Chronic fears and phobias
• ____________ forgetting
• Instructed to remember some (trauma-related) words and forget other
• Control subjects can do this
• ____________ patients cannot
• Suppressing a memory can cause a ______________
• Negative mood can increase access to memories of negative events, increase persistence.
• Imaging studies show that activity in the _______________ during emotional films is correlated with recall of the film (but not for control film)
• Amygdala damage associated deficits in memory for emotional stimuli

• Transience: Adaptive to forget information that is not current (and thus not maintained with rehearsal)
• Blocking: Don't want to retrieve __________________________. Blocking prevents this.
• Absent mindedness: Don't want to remember every _______________
• Misattribution & Suggestibility
• Source information is often a minor detail unlikely to be needed later
• Memory for ____________ is more efficient than verbatim memory and allows for intelligent processes such as _________________ and transfer
• Bias: Schemas may distort memory, but they also serve important __________ functions like guiding retrieval
• Consistency bias enhances self appraisal and life satisfaction
• Persistence: Important to have long-term memories of emotional stimuli like threats. Promotes __________.