Major Themes for Class Lecture:
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From its inception, IQ testing linked to school performance
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Intelligence is defined in different ways
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IQ testing: one way to define/measure intelligence
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Issues in interpreting IQ test scores
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Alternative Views of Intelligence (Current)
I. Relation of IQ Testing to
School Performance
A. Origins of IQ testing: Binet and Simon
B. Today
IQ score reliably correlates with school achievement
But does it measure intelligence?
II. How Intelligence is Defined
A. A single trait—general intelligence (g)
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Tasks on intelligence tests are:
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Overall scores correlate with school grades, test performance, information-processing
speed, knowledge of non-studied subjects, and speed of neural transmission
B. A few basic abilities:
1. Cattell: Two types of intelligence
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Crystallized intelligence:
2. Thurstone’s seven primary mental abilities:
3. John Carroll: Hierachical model: “three-stratum theory
of intelligence,”
III. IQ Testing
A. Intelligence means different things at different
ages.
B. IQ is based on a normal distribution
Most scores are near:
C. IQ scores also reflect a “standard deviation,”
a measure of variability of scores within a distribution.
On most IQ tests, the SD is:
IV. Issues in Interpreting IQ Test
Scores
A. Stability
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Scores are stable from the age of :
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Children’s IQs at 5 have high correlation with:
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The scores, however, do show an average:
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Changes in IQ scores over time may be influenced
by :
B. What do IQ scores predict?
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IQ is a strong predictor of:
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correlate positively and strongly with:
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many other qualities also contribute:
C. Nature vs. Nurture
1. Genetic contribution relative to the
environmental contribution is _________ in older children than in younger
children.
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IQs of adopted children increasingly correlate with:
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Brain connections correlated with heredity develop
and exert:
2. three genotype–environment effects:
3. Gender and IQ
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Boys and girls have almost the same IQ scores.
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Girls are more fluent in:
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Boys as a group are stronger in :
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Similarities between boys and girls in average
IQ are much more prevalent than the differences.
4. Family Influences
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Throughout childhood, IQ scores are positively correlated
with family environment as measured in (HOME), but there is no causal relationship
between HOME measure and intellect because:
5. Influence of Schooling
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School attendance makes children smarter.
6. Influences of Society
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Poverty contributes to differences in IQ and school
achievement among racial and ethnic groups.
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Other variables related to poverty:
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Effects of poverty on IQ found in all countries
7. Race, Ethnicity and IQ
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Discussion of this topic is controversial.
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It is a fact that IQ scores differ among groups:
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Data refer only to ___________________, not _________________
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Millions of ethnic minorities have____________ than
that of the average Euro-American child.
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IQ score differential is indicative of the:
8. Effects of Enrichment Programs: Environment
has :
Gains in IQ scores from participation in early programs
are not lasting, but there are other long-term effects:
D. Validity of IQ Score as a Measure of Intelligence
V. Alternative Views of Intelligence
A. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
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Emphasis on learning _______________________ not
__________________________
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_____ different intelligences
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Issue: What is the difference between:
B. Sternberg’s Theory of Successful Intelligence
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The degree to which people succeed in life depends
on three types of abilities:
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Not different types of intelligences, different ____________