I.Perceptual Development
 

1. Sensation and Perception

 
Sensation:
 

Perception:
 

A. Visual Preference

 

B. Habituation/Dishabituation

    At Birth

• Can perceive _________

• Poor __________ and limited ________________

• Preference for:

• Perception described as obligatory or stimulus-bound:

 
 
 
 

More controlled __________
 

Prefer ___________
 

More visual __________
 

No longer ___________
 

• Have acquired a face schema

    5-6 Months

• Distinguish male, female, and baby faces

    7-8 months

• Focus on distinctive features of faces

• Distinguish different emotions

    9-12 Months

• Capable of social referencing

 

 
 
 
 
 
 

A.. Problem of size constancy
 

• Objects that are the same size, but at different distances different sized images on the retina
• How do babies  know whether different sized images are:

different sized objects or
same size objects at different distance?

• Optical expansion

• Binocular disparity

stereopsis

• Monocular or Pictorial

interposition
 

linear perspective
 

texture gradient

C. . Gibson & Walk, 1960: Visual cliff experiment

        Tested:
 
 

        Results:
 
 

        Interpretation:
 

D.. Differential Theory of Perceptual Learning: Eleanor Gibson
 

• With development, infants learn to identify salient perceptual features

• Examples:

A. Newborn Reflexes

• breathing

• eye blink

• rooting

• sucking

• swallowing

• stepping

• Babinski

• grasping

• Moro -- startle

Many have or had survival value

Presence and later disappearance of reflexes indicates:

Most disappear during ___________

May reappear in voluntary behaviors
 

Due to maturation (Gesell) or practice?

1. Comparison of premature and full-term infants
 
 
 
 
 

2. Cross-cultural comparisons
 
 
 
 
 

3.  Enrichment studies -- McGraw
 

C. Dynamic Systems Theory -- Esther Thelen
 

(Motor) skill development a joint product of:
 
 
 
 

Sequence/loop of development (improvisation):