I. Child Rearing Styles and Personality Development

A. Major Dimensions

 

B. Pioneer Research:  Diana Baumrind
 
 
 

C. 4 Parenting Styles (Baumrind)

1. Authoritative Parents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

2. Authoritarian Parents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

3. Permissive Parents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

4. Rejecting-neglecting Parents
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

D. Child Outcomes Associated With Each Style:
 

 1.Authoritative Parents
 
 
 

2. Authoritarian Parents
 
 
 

3. Permissive Parents
 
 
 

4. Rejecting-neglecting Parents
 

E. Other Influences
 
 

1. How consistent is child rearing style?
 
 
 

2. Ethnic and cultural differences
 
 
 

3.Age of the child
 
 
 

4. Sex of the child
 
 
 

5. Child attractiveness

 
 
 

6. Child's temperament
 
 
 

• Bidirectional Parent–Child Interactions

7. Parenting experience (birth order)
 
 
 

8. Socioeconomic status

Lower SES parents

Higher SES parents

Influenced by

SES differences partly reflect
 

9. Effects of stress

study by Zussman
 

Protracted economic stress

A. Short-term and Long-term effects

1. First 1-2 years:

 

2. Long-term effects:

B. Factors Affecting the Impact of Divorce

1. Sex of child
 

2. Age of child

Preschool children
 
 
 

Elementary school children
 
 

Young adolescents
 
 

3. Child temperament
 
 

4. Parent characteristics

Problems might not be from divorce or remarriage, but from
 

Changes in parenting style
 
 
 

5. Exposure to parental conflict
 
 

6. Contact with noncustodial father
 
 
 
 

C. Indirect Factors Affecting the Impact of Divorce

 
 
 
 

These variables affect children indirectly, but can have a major effect.
 

D. Children's difficulties may not be caused by divorce

• Cherlin et al. (1991) conducted longitudinal study in U.S. and Great Britain
• Families studied when children were 7 and 11 years old
• Some parents had divorced in the 4 year period
• Compared 11-year-olds of divorced and intact families

 

What do these results mean?
 

Research overwhelmingly indicates that adult sexual orientation is determined by genetics, not socialization

A. Research by Patterson (1992, 1995)

• Compared development of children who lived with lesbian mothers and partners (after divorce) to children living with single mothers after a divorce
• Children aged 4-12
• Looked at:

 
 

• Results:

 

B. Flaks, Ficher, Masterpasqua, and Joseph (1995)

• Examined adjustment of 3-9 year old children of 15 lesbian couples who were products of donor insemination
• Compared to matched, heterosexual parent sample
• Results: