Chapter 8: Intelligence
1. How and why was the original intelligence test developed by Binet? What were the goals of this test?

2. How is intelligence defined by Spearman, Cattell, Thurstone and Carrol? Who thinks that it is a single factor and who believes it is made up of a few basic abilities? Who sees it as involving multiple processes? Be able to identify the key elements in each model.

3. What are the main sections of the WISC and what is tested in each?

4. What is IQ and how is it measured?

5. Identify the variables that influence the degree of stability of IQ scores over time.

6. How well does IQ predict academic, economic, and occupational success? Explain why or why not.

7. What evidence is there for genetic influences on IQ and how do these influences change with age?

8. Explain Scarr's model of gene-environment relations in regard to genetic effects on IQ.

9. What evidence is there for effects of family environment, schooling, and poverty on IQ?

10. What are four crucial facts to consider when evaluating effects of race and ethnicity on IQ scores?

11. Can enrichment programs affect IQ scores? Explain.

12. What is the Flynn effect and what does is suggest about the validity of the IQ test score?

13. How is intelligence defined in the theories of Gardner and Sternberg? How are these approaches different from previous models?

14. What are the stages in learning to read, according to Chall?

15. Know what is meant by prereading skills, word identification, and comprehension.

16. What are the symptoms of ADHD; how prevalent is it; and what treatments are effective?

17. What overt strategies do children use to solve arithmetic problems?

18. What important concepts underlie children's understanding of mathematics?

19. How does culture affect arithmetic performance?

Chapter 9: Theories of Social Development
1. What are the basic features of Freud's theory and how did he view the developmental process?

2. What are the basic features of Erikson's theory and how did he view the developmental process?

3. How did learning theorists, Watson and Skinner, view development?

4. What is involved in observational learning according to Bandura's Social Learning theory?

5. Be able to describe the methods and results of Bandura's "Bobo" doll study and explain the significance of these findings.

6. What is reciprocal determinism?

7. What is role-taking, why is it important, and what are the stages involved in role taking according to Selman?

8. How does Dodge study social problem solving and what is involved in social problem solving? How do aggressive children differ from other children according to this model?

9. Explain the major components of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems model.

10. What is ethology and how has it contributed to understanding social development?

11. What facets of development are explained by evolutionary psychology?

12. What are the strengths and weakness of each of the four major approaches to social development?

13. According to current research, what are established sex differences in behavior?

14. What factors need to be considered in evaluating the existence and influence of sex differences?

15. How is gender development explained by the psychoanalytic approach and social learning theory?

16. What evidence is there that boys and girls are socialized differently by parents, including direct teaching as well as more subtle effects?

17. How do teachers, peers, and the media contribute to gender socialization?

18. How does gender identity develop according to Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory? What are the important milestones and when are they achieved?

19. Explain gender schema theory and how this approach compares to Kohlberg's. What is gender self-socialization in this model?

20. How is gender development explained by the bioecological model and evolutionary psychology?

21. How do hormones contribute to gender development? What do results from studies of "natural accidents" tell us about the relative importance of prenatal exposure to hormones versus socialization practices on the development of gender identity?

Maccoby Article:
1. Why are differences between the sexes more apparent when people are in both-sex groups than when they are in same-sex groups? Consider the behavior of girls on the playground in mixed-sex groups or in girl-only groups.

2. What are the various explanations for why children prefer same-sex play mates? Be sure to consider play and interaction styles.

Chapter 10:
1. Define emotion, emotional intelligence, and social competence.

2. Explain the discrete emotions theory and the functionalist approach to emotional development.

3. What are the major stages in the development of positive and negative emotions?

4. What are self conscious emotions and why do they emerge around 15 to 24 months?

5. What is emotional self-regulation and how does it develop during childhood? Describe how children's use of cognitive strategies to control negative emotions and their use of regulatory strategies develops and how these contribute to self-regulation.

6. What is temperament and how has it been studied (i.e., what dimensions are included)? What is the New York Longitudinal Project?

7. What are the characteristics of the three types of babies identified by Chess and Thomas?

8. How stable is temperament over time?

9. How does temperament affect children's social interactions?

10. Explain the goodness-of-fit model of the relationship between temperament and environment.

11. Describe three ways that parents socialize their children's emotional responses.

12. Explain ways in which culture affects emotional development.

13. What are display rules and how do preschool children (3-4) compare to older children (5+) in their understanding of real and false emotions?

14. When can children first understand that a person can experience two different emotions at the same time (either two compatible emotions or two incompatible emotions from two different sources)?

Life's First Feelings Video
1. Who was Rene Spitz and what did he discover about early emotional attachments?

2. How does Carol Izard study emotions? Is facial expression a valid method for studying emotion in infants?

3. How do babies respond in the visual cliff experiment when they see their parents looking fearful? ... looking happy? What does this tell us about infants' understanding of emotion?

4. When do children display sympathy and empathy?

5. How does a 2-year-old respond to distress in a parent? Why?

6. What are the six major milestones of emotional development according to Greenspan?

Kagan Article
1. What aspect of temperament does Jerome Kagan believe has a biological basis?

2. What percentage of children are very inhibited? What happens to very inhibited children as they get older?
 

Chapter 11
1. What are the characteristics of attachment and how does it develop, according to the ethological theory of attachment (Bowlby).

2. Explain how Harlow's research with monkeys influenced current views of attachment.

3. Describe how attachment is measured; describe the Strange Situation method and four patterns of attachment/insecurity.

4. What are the long-term consequences of secure and insecure attachment?

5. What variables affect the quality of attachment?

6. Explain what is meant by an internal working model of attachment?

7. Discuss the effects of maternal employment and day care on attachment security.

8. What do studies of Rumanian orphans who were adopted at different ages tell us about whether there is a critical period for attachment?

9. Describe the development of sense of self and self-recognition in infancy.

10. Describe the development of self-concept in preschool children, school-age children. When and how does social comparison play a role in self concept?

11. What is self-esteem and how is it measured?

12. What factors influence the development of self-esteem?

13. Describe the development of achievement-related attributions. Explain what is meant by mastery-oriented and  helpless patterns of attribution?

14. How does adult feedback to children affect children's views of intelligence and their attributions regarding success and failure?

15. What are the five components of children's ethnic identity?

16. What is self esteem and how is it measured?

17. What factors contribute to self esteem?

18. How do children's judgments of competence change with age? What criteria are used at different ages?

19. How does culture affect the development of self-esteem?

Scarr et al. article:
1. What "fantasies" about mothers do the authors refer to and why do they consider these to be unsupported by research?

2. How does child care (other than mother care) affect child development -- attachment, social development, and cognitive development?

Note: You will NOT be responsible for sections in the text on identity formation in adolescence, (pp. 429-435; 437-442).
 

last updated 4/4/2003