You are NOT responsible for pp. 429-435; 437-442 (Self and Identity in Adolescence)

I. Development of Self Concept
 

• Onset of self-recognition (rouge test)

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

• How do children define themselves?

Method:

A. How do children define themselves?

• 1-3 years

• 4-6 years

• 7-11 years

• 12+ years

II. Development of Self Esteem

Research by Carol Dweck
 

• Internal Factors -- Personality
locus of control:
internalizers --

externalizers --
 

• External Factors -- Feedback from others

Interaction of Internal and External Factors in Development of Achievement Motivation
 

• Generally better to have an internal locus of control

But, there are 2 types of internalizers, those who attribute success or failure to:
 
 
 
• Which is more adaptive?

When children attribute failure to lack of effort,
 

When children attribute failure to lack of ability,
 
 
 
 

1. Related to actual achievement?
 
 

2. Due to negative feedback from teachers?
 
 

3. Other feedback variables
 
 
 
 
 

Teacher Feedback Patterns: Study of feedback patterns in classrooms
 

Boys receive lower grades than girls

Boys grades more often come with comments
 
 
 

When girls receive poor grades, less likely to include comments
 

Comments to boys likely to foster effort attributions (try harder)
 

Lack of comments to girls likely to foster entity/ability attributions?
 

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Condition             Phase 1             Phase 2             Test          Performance
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Feedback              easy                  difficult             easy
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
No                           easy                  difficult             easy
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 

How can adults foster mastery motivation?

• School-age Children:

Appropriate Feedback -- Emphasize:
 
 
 
 
• Younger children

Focus on:

• All children

Encourage: