I. Psychodynamic Theories:

A. Sigmund Freud (1856-1936)

Psychodynamic Theory

based on a conflict model

Three Components of Freud’s theory

• Role of Instinct

• Personality structure

• Stages of psychosexual development

Oral stage  0-1 years

Anal stage  1-3 years

Phallic stage  3-6 years

Latency stage  6-12 years

Genital stage  12 years to adult

Stages of Psychosocial Development

 organized around:

 a life-long process

 propelled by:
 

• Stages of Psychosocial Development

 

 

Basic Trust vs. Mistrust   Birth - 1 year

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt  1-3 years

Initiative vs. Guilt    3-6 years

Industry vs. Inferiority   6-11 years

Identity vs. Identity diffusion Adolescence

Intimacy vs. Isolation  Young adulthood

Generativity vs. Stagnation  Middle adulthood

Ego Integrity vs. Despair  Old age

• Freud:

• Erikson:

• Weaknesses:

A. Behaviorism

    1. John Watson (1878-1938): Founder of Behaviorism -
 

• Little Albert demonstration

    2. B.F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning

reinforcers

punishments

wrote Walden Two

•     Observational learning

 

 

    1.

    2.

    3.

    4.

    5.
 

• Effects of models

Children viewed films of adult beating a BoBo doll in 3 conditions:
a.  Model rewarded
b.  Model punished
c.  No consequences

Then children put into playroom with a BoBo doll
Results:
 
 
 
 
 

• Reciprocal Determinism

A. Selman’s stage theory of role taking
 

Role taking:
 

Stages:

Before Age 6:
 

Stage 1: Ages 6–8
 

Stage 2: Ages 8–10
 

Stage 3: Ages 10–12
 

Stage 4: Age 12 and older
 

1. Steps in problem-solving:

• Encode:

• Interpret:

• Formulate:

• Generate:

• Evaluate

• Enact
2. Some children have a “hostile attributional bias”
 
 
 
 

1. Emphasis on:
 

2. Effect of children’s social experience depends on:
 

3. Little to say about:

A. Ethology

Examines evolutionary bases of behavior

Focus on the adaptive or survival value of behavior

Karl Lorenz’s study of imprinting:

infant ducks preadapted to imprint

• Applies Darwinian concepts of natural selection and adaptation to human behavior

“Parental-investment” theory

Play behavior

Layers of the environment

Bidirectional influences of child and environment