1.            Imagine you are approached by a large dog. You assume the dog is unfriendly, so you start screaming at it to go away. The dog assumes you want to hurt it, so it defends itself by biting your ankle. This is an example of a
 
a.       self-fulfilling belief.
b.      self-aggrandizing belief.
c.       self-debilitating belief.
d.      self-worth belief.
 
Answer page 4
 
2.            According to the text, values enter the work of social psychology when researchers
 
a)      collect data for their studies.
b)      present the results of their studies.
c)      summarize their studies.
d)      choose the topics of their studies.
 
Answer page 9
 
3.            Your decision to call someone a “terrorist” rather than a “freedom fighter” depends on your view of the cause. This is an example of how values can influence not only social psychology, but also
 
a)      emotions.
b)      actions.
c)      intuitions.
d)      everyday language.
 
Answer D page 12
 
 
4.      A testable proposition that describes a relationship which may exist between events is a
 
A.     statement.
B.     bias.
C.     correlation.
D.     hypothesis.
 
Answer page 17
 
 


5.      Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory is referred to as
 
A.     correlational research.
B.     experimental research.
C.     laboratory research.
D.     field research.
 
Answer page 18
 
 
6.      A psychiatrist tells you that she is interested in determining if the condition of individuals who are clinically depressed improves with either 20 or 40 milligrams of Prozac. She decides to administer 20 milligrams to a random half of her clients, and 40 milligrams to the other half. She finds that after 6 months, the clients who took 40 milligrams of Prozac are significantly less depressed than those clients who took 20 milligrams of Prozac. Which type of study did the psychiatrist conduct?
 
A.     correlational research
B.     experimental research
C.     controlled research
D.     hypothetical research
 
Answer page 18
 
 
 
7.      Which of the following is a disadvantage of correlational research?
 
A.     It involves important variables in natural settings.
B.     It provides ambiguous interpretations of causes and effects.
C.     It assists in reading newspapers and magazines.
D.     It takes place in a laboratory.
 
      Answer page 19
 
8.      Ann Landers’ 1984 survey of women readers’ opinions about romantic affection and sex was probably
 
A.     not valid because it did not include men.
B.     flawed because it was not representative of the population.
C.     worthless because the sample size was too small.
D.     as valid and informative as other, more “scientific” surveys.
 
Answer page 21
 
9.      Research indicates that survey results often depend on the
 
A.     number of questions asked.
B.     gender of the surveyer.
C.     gender of the respondent.
D.     wording and order of the questions.
 
Answer page 22
 
10.  Research on the wording of survey questions suggests that
 
A.     how questions are framed can influence how they are answered.
B.     how questions are framed have very little influence on how they are answered.
C.     wording is an unimportant element of survey research.
D.     framing the questions differently will not influence the results.
 
Answer page 22
 
 
11.  According to the text, _______ realism is not as important in social psychological research as _______ realism is.
 
A.     mundane; experimental
B.     social; psychological
C.     experimental; mundane
D.     psychological; social
 
Answer page 26
 
 
12.  The fact that we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves when problems arise in a relationship is an example of how
 
A.     self-interest colors social judgment.
B.     social surroundings affect our self-awareness.
C.     self-concerns motivate our social behavior.
D.     social relationships help to define our self.
 
Answer page 34
 
13.  According to the results of the Kahan and Johnson (1992) study mentioned in the text, two days after a conversation with someone our recall is best for what
 
A.     the other person said about himself or herself.
B.     the other person said about us.
C.     we said about the other person.
D.     we said about ourselves.
 
Answer B, Type FAC, page 37
 
 
14.  When facing competition, we often protect our self-concept by perceiving
 
A.     ourselves as superior to the competitor.
B.     the competitor as similar to us.
C.     the competitor as disadvantaged in comparison to us.
D.     the competitor as advantaged in comparison to us.
 
Answer page 39
 
 
15.  A person from a(n) _____ culture is more likely to say, “Went to the movies,” and a person from a(n) _____ culture, is more likely to say, “I went to the movies.”
 
A.     individualistic; collectivistic
B.     collectivistic; individualistic
C.     self-centered; other-centered
D.     other-centered; self-centered
 
Answer page 41
 
 
16.  As an example of how people misread their own minds, Nisbett and Schachter (1966) found that people who took a fake pill tolerated four times as much shock as those who did not take the placebo pill. When asked why they tolerated so much shock, the people who took the fake pill
 
A.     mentioned the influence of the pill.
B.     denied the influence of the pill.
C.     forgot to initially mention the pill, but brought it up later.
D.     said it didn’t hurt.
 
Answer page 46
 
 
17.  Studies of “affective forecasting” required participants to predict their future
 
A.     school performance.
B.     family situation.
C.     income.
D.     emotions.
 
Answer page 48
 
 
 
18.  According to the research reviewed in the text, college students who experience more stress, anger, relationship problems, drug and alcohol use, and eating disorders than others are more likely to have a self-worth contingent upon
 
A.     internal sources.
B.     external sources.
C.     their hoped-for possible selves.
D.     their feared possible selves.
 
Answer page 55
 
19.  Assuming that other people are as prejudiced against a certain group as we are can easily be explained by
 
A.     unrealistic optimism.
B.     the self-serving bias.
C.     the false uniqueness effect.
D.     the false consensus effect.
 
Answer page 66
 
20.              According to your text, people everywhere perceive mediators and media as
 
A.     biased in favor of their position.
B.     objective in their decisions and coverage.
C.     biased against their position.
D.     biased against the President.
 
Answer page 77
 
21.  Attributing behavior to a person’s traits is an example of what type of attribution?
 
A.     motivational
B.     dispositional
C.     situational
D.     epigenetic
 
Answer page 100
 
22.              In _______ cultures, people are less likely to perceive others in terms of personal dispositions.
 
A.     individualistic
B.     collectivistic
C.     religious
D.     secular
 
Answer page 108
 
23.              Research has shown that explaining why an opposite theory may be true (e.g., why a cautious person might be a better fire-fighter than a risk-taking person) _______ belief perseverance.
 
A.     slightly increases
B.     maintains
C.     reduces
D.     significantly increases
 
Answer page 81
 
 
24.  “Implicit” thinking that is effortless, habitual and without awareness is called
 
A.     controlled processing.
B.     automatic processing.
C.     internal processing.
D.     intentional processing.
 
Answer page 84
 
 
25.  Sharon typically watches televised news stations that support her existing political beliefs. She is less inclined to watch the news on other stations, as it may disprove her preconceptions. Sharon’s approach illustrates the
 
A.     confirmation bias.
B.     misinformation effect.
C.     base-rate fallacy.
D.     I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
 
Answer page 89
 
 
26.  The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes
 
A.     an illusory correlation.
B.     the illusion of control.
C.     a representative heuristic.
D.     an availability heuristic.
 
Answer page 94
 
 
27.  Expectations can often predict behavior because
 
A.     the expectations are accurate.
B.     the expectations are a coincidence.
C.     behavior is easily predicted.
D.     we are overconfident.
 
                        Answer page 114
 
28.  A favorable or unfavorable evaluation reaction toward something or someone is what social psychologists call
 
A.     a feeling.
B.     a cognition.
C.     an attitude.
D.     a behavioral tendency.
 
Answer page 120
 
29.  Attitudes include all of the following EXCEPT
 
A.     affect.
B.     behavioral tendencies.
C.     cognitions.
D.     aptitudes.
 
Answer page 120
 
30.  The fact that 76% of Californians agreed to install a huge ugly sign in their front yard after first being approached with a small request two weeks earlier exemplifies the _______ phenomenon.
 
A.     foot-in-the-door
B.     low-ball
C.     compliance
D.     conformity
 
Answer page 130
 
31.        Research has found that when consumers are aware of a seller’s profit motive, the low-ball technique _______ effective.
 
A.     fails to be
B.     continues to be
C.     is sometimes
D.     becomes more
 
Answer page 132
 
 
32.  As mentioned in the textbook, the daily flag salute by schoolchildren in the U.S. is an attempt to use _______ to build _______.
 
A.     compliance; attitudes
B.     public beliefs; private conformity
C.     public conformity; private beliefs
D.     conformity; compliance
 
Answer  134
 
33.  The attitudes-follow-behavior effect is strongest when
 
A.     people are rewarded for their behavior.
B.     people feel that they have no choice in their behavior.
C.     people feel that they have some choice in their behavior.
D.     the behavior has no foreseeable consequences.
 
Answer 138
 
 
34.  Myra’s neighbor, a little boy, practices his saxophone loudly and annoyingly. According to the overjustification effect, if Myra wants to get him to quit playing, she should
 
A.     show her annoyance.
B.     pay him to quit playing.
C.     pay him a small amount to quit playing and then offer him more and more.
D.     pay him to play and then offer him less and less.
 
Answer page 145
 
 
35.  If we want to change ourselves in some important way, it is best to
 
A.     wait for the insight and inspiration needed to see it through.
B.     plan carefully before undertaking any action.
C.     arm ourselves with incentives and motives beforehand.
D.     go ahead and take action even if we don’t feel like it.
 
Answer page 148
 
 
36.  Which theory assumes that when our attitudes regarding something are weak to begin with, we will use our behavior and its circumstances as a clue to those attitudes?
 
A.     self-perception theory
B.     cognitive dissonance theory
C.     self-presentation theory
D.     self-affirmation theory
 
Answer page 146
 
37.  Attitudes regarding the war with Iraq differ significantly depending on
 
A.     personality factors.
B.     gender.
C.     the differing information received.
D.     the type of persuasion used.
 
Answer page 224
 
38.  Which of the following is NOT one of the primary elements of persuasion that social psychologists have studied?
 
A.     the communicator
B.     the context
C.     the message
D.     how the message is communicated
 
Answer B page 228
 
39.  You are attending a lecture by a banker and you expect her to advocate bank savings accounts. However, she advocates stock investments instead. Since her message goes against her own self-interest, you perceive her as _______ and the message as _______.
 
A.     sincere; persuasive.
B.     insincere; not persuasive.
C.     sincere; not persuasive.
D.     insincere; persuasive.
 
Answer page 230
 
40.  Who is the most responsive to rational appeals?
 
A.     well-educated and analytical people
B.     well-educated and non-analytical people
C.     less educated and analytical people
D.     less educated and non-analytical people
 
Answer page 233
 
 
41.  What is the effect of a fear-arousing communication?
 
A.     Fear renders a communication ineffective.
B.     Generally the more frightened people are, the more they respond.
C.     Evoking a low level of fear is effective, but producing a high level of fear is not.
D.     Fear appeals are effective with women but boomerang with men.
 
Answer B, Type FAC, page 235
 
42.  Studies have shown that if people are aware of opposing arguments, a _______ presentation is more persuasive and enduring.
 
44)  one-sided
45)  two-sided
46)  discrepant
47)  clear and unambiguous
 
Answer B, Type FAC, 238
 
 
43)  Which of the following illustrates media influence through a two-step flow of communication?
 
A.     A teenager buys a video game she saw advertised both on television and in her favorite magazine.
B.     A domestic car manufacturer sponsors a television program about the defectiveness of many foreign imports.
C.     A candidate for political office answers questions from members of a studio audience on live television.
D.     A man buys a new laundry detergent after having it recommended by a friend, who had read that it was both effective and environmentally safe in a consumer magazine article.
 
Answer page 243
 
44)  Researchers found that California high school students did not change their attitudes in response to a talk entitled “Why Teenagers Should Not Be Allowed to Drive” if they
 
A.     had a moderate, rather than a high or low level of self-esteem.
B.     were of lower intelligence.
C.     were male.
D.     had been forewarned that the talk was coming.
 
Answer page 245
 
45)  People most vulnerable to cults are usually
 
A.     under the age of 15.
B.     over the age of 30.
C.     lower-class.
D.     under the age of 25 and facing a personal crisis
 
Answer page 251
 
 
46)  Dr. Jussim claims that correlation DOES mean causality.  This is because if A is correlated with B, we know that:
46)  A causes B
47)  B causes A
48)  C causes both A and B
49)  None of the above
 
Answer, Lecture
 
 
47)  People who take vitamin supplements are healthier and live longer than people who do not.  From this information, one would be justified in concluding that:
A.     Vitamin supplements enhance people’s health.
B.     Health causes people to take vitamin supplements
C.     Wealthier people are healthier and can afford to take supplements.
D.     None of the above
 
Answer, Lecture
 
48)  Which of the following is true?
 
A)    Random sampling causes generalizability
B)     Random assignment to experimental conditions causes generalizability
C)    Random assignment to experimental conditions allows for causal conclusions
D)    Both A and C.
 
Answer, Lecture
 
 
49)  People who view themselves more favorably than they deserve
A.     must be committing self-serving bias
B.     are often mass murderers
C.     suffer from masked depression
D.     may be justified
 
Answer, Lecture
 
 
50)  According to Dr. Jussim, people who view themselves favorably
A.     must be committing self-serving bias
B.     are often mass murderers
C.     suffer from masked depression
D.     may be justified
 
Answer, Lecture
 
 
51)  We have performed in class demonstrations showing each of the following phenomena EXCEPT:
A)    Fundamental attribution error
B)    Self-serving bias
C)    Hindsight bias
D)    Unrealistic optimism
 
Answer, Lecture
 
 
 
52)  In the Film, Eye of the Beholder, about an artist searching for a perfect model, all of the following occurred EXCEPT:
A.     illusion of control
B.     overconfidence
C.     false consensus
D.     fundamental attribution error
 
Answer, Lecture