Political Science 102: INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Why Study International Relations?

These are exciting and troubling times to study global politics. The world has entered a period of dramatic and confusing change. Many of the institutions that shaped and regulated our world's political life are undergoing rapid evolution or decay, and new institutions are emerging equally quickly. Events such as the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon raise concerns about the violent nature of global politics -- even while the globalization of the world's economy accelerates and international cooperation to solve emerging global problems continues to increase.

We are witnessing the sudden and still uncertain transformation of a system of international politics that originally emerged in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in response to the collapse of medieval order. This "Westphalian system" of world politics, organized around sovereign states, evolved in the eighteenth century to cope with the rise of democracy and in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to accommodate industrialization and the rise of nationalism. Today, however, another revolution appears to be in process. Armed with greater education, with new ways of defining their identity, and with new ways of viewing their world -- and empowered with new tools, like computers, the internet, and cellular telephones, for analyzing and sharing ideas and data -- individuals are finding new ways to organize and to achieve their goals. Many of these changes permit ordinary people to question authority and, for better or worse, to resist hierarchical institutions that attempt to control their behavior and impose order on political, economic, and social interaction. Paralleling this institutional shift is a transformation in the global agenda and in the meaning of "security." Issues like crime, disease, human rights, economic development, and environmental protection increasingly span national borders and compete for international attention along side more traditional issues like war and peace. And competing conceptions of identity -- along ethnic, gender, and cultural lines -- create new cleavages in global politics, vying with those based on citizenship or national identity.

Thus in today's world, three sets of fundamental questions about global politics have simultaneously been reopened. First, questions of what "security" means and what institutions will be responsible for providing it -- questions that were resolved in the seventeenth century by the development of the "state" -- are again being debated. Second, the central political question of the eighteenth century -- how to create democratic political institutions that empower individuals and yet permit the achievement of collective purposes -- is back. And third, the question of "who we are" -- that is, the issue of identity -- which bedeviled the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has returned with a vengeance. Whether the twenty-first century is an age of unprecedented human achievement or a dark interregnum depends in no small measure on the answers we can construct to these questions.

Ultimately, of course, this is why it is so exciting to study international relations today. It is not simply that change is all around us. It is that we can influence, if not completely control, that change, and by doing so move the world down different, hopefully better, paths.
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Goals of This Course:

Political Science 102 serves as an introduction to international relations. It provides theoretical tools and frameworks of analysis that permit us better to understand the international system in which the United States operates and the global political setting in which we as individuals act. Such an understanding serves two immediate functions.

In the first place, it enables us to make more sense out of the New York Times every morning, to carry out our democratic and civic obligations more wisely, and to deal more effectively with those aspects of our daily lives that are affected by world political, military, and economic events. By the end of the semester, you should be able to understand and participate intelligently in ongoing public debates about the major issues of global politics and foreign policy. You should be able to recognize and articulate why these issues arise, how they affect your life and the lives of others around the world, what the range of possible solutions looks like, what moral dilemmas are raised by these issues, and what criteria for moral judgment might be used in attempting to evaluate or resolve these dilemmas.

In the second place, this class acts as a foundation for upper-level courses in international relations. It does so in three ways. First and most obviously, it provides a background for thinking about topics like international relations theory, strategies of international relations, defense policy, the causes of war, foreign policy, and international political economy. Second and more broadly, it exposes you to the distinctive social scientific approach to gaining knowledge -- an approach shared not only by political scientists but by economists, psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists. At times we will be self-conscious about asking ourselves why we believe a particular argument or theory to be true, and about how we could go about improving our understanding of some phenomenon or pattern of behavior. Third and most fundamentally, this class will try to inculcate habits of critical reading, reasoning, writing, and speaking.

Although this course is introductory in the sense that it does not assume prior coursework, it is not easy. It sets high expectations. The reading is substantial and much of it is difficult. The lectures and discussion sections are based on the assigned reading and assume that everyone in the class has done this reading. Attendance at lectures and active participation in discussion sections are required. Exams test the material presented and ideas developed in the readings, lectures, and discussion sections. In addition to two midterms and a final, the course requires five quizzes and two short papers. Make-ups will not be offered for the exams or quizzes. If you know that you will be unable to take an exam or quiz, see the professor in advance. If you miss class the day of an exam or quiz, it is your problem. Unless a dean's excuse is provided in a timely fashion, you will receive a failing grade for any missed exam or quiz. Late papers will be accepted only if permission is obtained from your section leader in advance. She is under no obligation to grant such permission.

As the discussion above suggests, we have several different goals in this course. (1) You should be able to understand and participate in the ongoing public debate about the major issues international politics. (2) You should acquire the knowledge and intellectual skills necessary for more specialized courses in international relations at the 300 and 400 level, as well as a sense of the variety of topics and approaches in such courses. (3) You should understand the distinctive social science approach to gaining knowledge. (4) You should improve your ability to think, read, listen, write and speak critically and clearly.

To be more precise about the substantive goals of the course, by the end of the term you should be able to discuss intelligently all of the following questions:

• a) What are states, and how were they created? Why did they become the major actors in international systems, and is this likely to continue? What is the relationship between nations and states? What do nationalism and self-determination mean? What is the role of non-state actors in international systems historically, currently, and in the future?
• b) What is the international system, and what concepts have been useful in understanding this environment within which all states function? How does the lack of central government (anarchy) create the problem of the security dilemma? How are international systems classified? What different types have existed throughout history? How is the current system similar to and different from earlier ones? How has the current international system evolved from the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 through the 18th century balance of power, the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars, the Concert of Europe, the unification of Germany and Italy, the new imperialism, World War I, the rise of Hitler, World War II, and the Cold War system?
• c) What is power in international affairs, and why is it important? What is the national interest? What is the relationship between military and economic power? Is power increasingly defined in terms of economic rather than military means, and if so, why? What is economic competitiveness, and why is it important?
• d) How does cooperation sometimes emerge from international anarchy and sometimes not? How do international law and international organizations function? How and under what circumstances are international regimes formed? What is interdependence, how has it changed over time, and what difference does it make? How is this likely to change in the future?
• e) What are the different views of the role that ethics and morality do and should play in foreign policy? How should foreign policy decisions be made? Are the standards for such decisions changing over time? Is this a good thing? How can we tell? How can we make arguments about values which will persuade others to adopt our position?
• f) What are the differences among the major alternative theoretical approaches to the study of international relations -- realism and its alternatives? Why have such different approaches developed? What are the strengths and weaknesses of theories at different levels of analysis such as the international system, the state, and the individual?
• g) What are the causes of war? How useful is it as an instrument of policy? How has military technology, including nuclear weaponry, changed war's role in the international system? What is deterrence theory? Why did the United States and the Soviet Union not fight a thermonuclear war during the Cold War?
• h) Why do states which have waged war among themselves establish peace? What is the relationship between arms control, disarmament, and peace? Are democratic states more peaceful than non-democratic states? What is collective security, and when is it more or less likely to work?
• i) How do states make decisions about foreign policy issues given that reasonable people may disagree about what should be done? What is the role of organizations and institutions in such choices? Why are some decisions implemented differently than political leaders expected? Do democracies have different foreign policies than non-democracies? What does it mean to say that a decision was made politically?
• j) What is distinctive about the social science method of gaining knowledge and making it persuasive to others? What other methods of gaining knowledge are commonly used? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? What sorts of questions can each best answer? How do you decide which is more appropriate in a particular situation?
• k) What global issues (problems that cannot be resolved by individual states) are likely to be important in the next few decades? What should we do about some of these issues? What are we likely to do about them? Can the current state system respond to them appropriately? Will we be able in the future to find ways to deal with them more effectively than in the past?

We do not expect you to be able to answer any or all of these questions with great confidence after a single semester introductory course; indeed, the faculty members who teach international relations at Rutgers disagree among themselves about many of them. However, we do expect you to be able to understand the central issues involved, to know how to get more information about particular questions, and to understand how to evaluate that information appropriately.
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Related Courses and Careers:

If you wish to pursue these issues further, a number of advanced courses are routinely taught at Rutgers. Some -- such as 790:321 (Theories of World Politics), 790:322 (Strategies of International Relations), 790:324 (Causes of War), 790:327 (International Political Economy), 790:362 (International Law), and 790:363 (Conflict Resolution in World Politics) -- focus on the international system. Others are more concerned with the particular role of the United States in international affairs: 790:319 (Issues of American Foreign Policy), 790:323 (Defense Policy), and 790:366 (Formulation of American Foreign Policy).

Possible careers in international relations are, of course, as varied as the world itself. No single course of study or set of activities is necessarily "right" or "wrong" as a preparation for a career that will involve you in international affairs, foreign events, or world politics. Plainly, however, the development of key skills such as critical reading, expository writing, public speaking, analytical reasoning, and moral judgment is important. These skills can be developed only through repeated exercise, continued practice, and hard work: if you are serious about a career in international relations, you will need to seek out classes with substantial reading and writing assignments and which involve considerable in-class discussion or out-of-class group-work. Although small, intensive courses that provide an opportunity to hone critical skills can be difficult to find, they do exist and represent a critical part of an education at a major research university such as Rutgers. Obviously, too, development of skill in one or more foreign languages is also extremely valuable; languages such as Chinese, Japanese, and Arabic which are spoken in regions of the world in which American contact is now growing and which have been historically under-studied in the United States are likely to be particularly useful, but any foreign language may serve as a doorway through which you can pass to enter into the larger world beyond. Perhaps less obviously, mathematics is also a critical literacy for many or most careers in international relations: most professional schools and many jobs require at least some familiarity with calculus. Finally, most students find that a solid background in American and world history and a substantial exposure to economics (e.g., microeconomics and macroeconomics, and an additional, more advanced class) are critical.

For students interested in a career that will take them beyond America's borders, study abroad is also an extremely valuable experience, and Rutgers has arrangements with universities across the globe which make this possible. These permit Rutgers students to study -- and, in some cases, work in internship positions -- in countries around the world, not simply in the "usual" study abroad destinations like Britain, France, Ireland, and Italy, but in places like South Africa, Poland, Costa Rica, India, and Japan, where the pace of global transformation is fastest and the excitement of political, economic, and social change is most palpable. Students have found study-abroad experiences that involve a "citizenship and service education" (CASE) component, to be particularly valuable and exciting. These CASE study-abroad programs move Rutgers students out of the traditional classroom and into the community, where they experience the real political questions, challenges, and problems confronting ordinary people.

Students also find that internships in political settings here in the United States represent an important part of their college education. Rutgers has a Washington Internship program that permits Rutgers students to spend a semester in Washington, working and studying in a variety of settings tailored to students' interests. And, recognizing that for one reason or another some students can not leave New Jersey, Rutgers also encourages internships in government or nongovernmental organizations in the New Jersey/New York area.

Students interested in more information on how to pursue a career in international relations should start by reading "Careers in International Affairs," on the Political Science Department's web site. This document, prepared by Professor Licklider, discusses some of the different types of careers and educational training available and is a useful place to begin your thinking.
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Organization of this Class:

This class is designed around a number of interlocking elements. All are essential.

1. Lectures. Lectures present key concepts. Lectures draw upon assigned readings: you are expected to have done the assigned reading prior to class. Attending lectures is necessary, but is not a substitute for doing the course reading. The readings cover many issues and topics that will not be reviewed in lecture but which are important to any understanding of international relations, and which will be covered on exams.

2. Discussion Sections. There are seven discussion sections scheduled during the semester. Discussion sections meet in lieu of one of the regular lectures. It is your responsibility to remember when your section meets and to attend it!

Discussion sections will be used to discuss case materials. These case materials provide historical illustrations of some of the theoretical points raised in lecture, thereby offering a chance to explore how international politics actually works in the real world. It is absolutely necessary that you not only read the case materials but spend time thinking about and analyzing them prior to coming to your discussion section, so that you can participate fully in the discussion. Discussion sections are a key part of the class.

Section 1 will meet Wednesdays, second period, on February 5, February 19, February 26, March 12, April 2, April 16, and April 23, in Scott 206

Section 2 will meet Fridays, third period, on February 7, February 21, February 28, March 14, April 4, April 18, and April 25, in Scott 105.

Section 3 will meet Fridays, fourth period, on February 7, February 21, February 28, March 14, April 4, April 18, and April 25, in Scott 203.

Section 4 will meet Wednesdays, second period, on February 5, February 19, February 26, March 12, April 2, April 16, and April 23, in Lucy Stone B112.

Section 5 will meet Wednesdays, third period, on February 5, February 19, February 26, March 12, April 2, April 16, and April 23, in Lucy Stone B112.

Section 6 will meet Fridays, fourth period, on February 7, February 21, February 28, March 14, April 4, April 18, and April 25, in Beck 003.

3. Short Papers. Two 3-page papers are required for this class. These papers will be due at the beginning of discussion sections. Section leaders are not obligated to accept late papers, nor to grant permission for late submission. If you fail to meet the deadline for a paper, it is your responsibility to contact your section leader in a timely fashion and to explain this failure. Papers should be typed, double-spaced, with normal margins. They should not exceed the three-page limit; section leaders are not obligated to read more than the first three pages of any paper you submit. The papers are based on the case material assigned for discussion sections. While you should feel free to do any additional reading you want, you are not obligated to do extra reading. Be sure, in writing your papers, that you answer the question posed. Study the question -- and the case material -- carefully before you write your paper. The paper topics and advice on writing short papers are included in the study guide; you may wish to review this advice before writing these papers.

Paper due dates are as follows:

• First paper due at sections meeting on February 26 and February 28.
• Second paper due at sections meeting on April 2 and April 4.

4. Quizzes. Five quizzes are required in this class. There are no make-up quizzes. If you will be unable to take the quiz and wish to avoid a zero, see the professor in advance.

These quizzes are on world geography. It is difficult, if not impossible, to understand international relations without a sense of where countries are and how they are related to each other. Consequently, you will be responsible for learning the location of the countries listed in the study guide in the course packet. You are responsible for learning this world geography on your own -- we will not teach it in class.

Each quiz will involve locating the countries listed in the study guide on a map. The quiz on the Americas is on January 31; on Africa and the Middle East, on February 14; on Eastern Europe, on March 7; on Western Europe, on March 28; and on Asia, on April 11.

For those of you who prefer to study on the web, reference maps and country information can be found at: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/docs/refmaps.html

5. Midterm and Final Exams. The first midterm will be held in class on February 25; the second midterm will be held in class on April 8. There will be a three-hour final exam in the regularly scheduled exam period, at 8 a.m. on Friday, May 9. Each exam will cover all material -- from readings, lectures, discussion sections, and quizzes -- through that point in the course. Except at the instructor's discretion, no make-up exams will be given.

6. Readings. There are eight required readings. For convenience, I have organized and published the basic readings for the course in two volumes:

1. Edward Rhodes, International Relations: Introductory Readings, revised edition (Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 1998).
2. Richard W. Mansbach and Edward Rhodes, Global Politics in a Changing World: A Reader SECOND EDITION (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 2003).

   NB: Students need the SECOND EDITION of the Mansbach/Rhodes text (the one with a 2003 publication date). About 75% of the material in the second edition is new and does not appear in the first edition, so the first edition is unlikely to be very useful.

   I have asked the Rutgers College Book Store (located across the street from the train station, on Albany Street at Easton Avenue, in Ferren Mall) and New Jersey Books (on Somerset Street) to stock these. CHECK BOTH BOOKSTORES: it may be the case that the Rhodes text is in stock only at New Jersey Books and that the Mansbach and Rhodes textbook is only available at Rutgers College Bookstore.

   Although these two volumes have been designed to complement each other, as you will discover they are quite different in several important respects. The readings in International Relations are highly theoretical, are taken from important scholarly books or articles, and are often conceptually quite difficult. In general, these readings provide a fairly classical, traditional view of the international state system and of how states make foreign policy choices. Because of the level of conceptual sophistication in these essays, however, you should not be worried if on your first reading you feel that you have not absorbed the arguments fully and in all their nuance. Most of these readings are ones that senior scholars return to regularly, each time uncovering new insights.

   The readings in Global Politics in a Changing World, by contrast, are more current, and many are frankly critical of traditional conceptions of world politics. They focus on the dramatic changes that are now taking place around the globe -- changes in political institutions, as states find themselves increasingly strained and as new transnational, international, and transgovernmental institutions emerge; changes in the global agenda, as new definitions of security shift attention to problems like disease, human rights, migration, economic development, and environmental degradation; and changes in "identity," as individuals come to see themselves not only as citizens of particular states but as members of particular national or ethnic groups, as part of particular civilizations, or as defined by a particular gender. Unlike the readings in International Relations, the readings in Global Politics in a Changing World are not difficult to understand. They will, however, deliberately challenge how you think about the world around you and will ask you to test your assumptions about world politics against real-life events. Each chapter in Global Politics in a Changing World contains a number of recent news stories, raising critical issues about how the world does, or should, work.

   As a matter of principle, I do not keep any money made on sales of my textbook to my students; any royalties I earn I donate to Rutgers University. Regrettably, the price of both textbooks and of the other readings is still extremely high. Given the high cost, you may want to share books with friends. This is fine. You will, however, each need to bring a copy of the relevant case study reading with you to discussion section meetings.

   There should be a large number of second-hand copies of International Relations in circulation. Second-hand copies are fine. (You may want to make sure, though, that International Relations has a green cover. There is an older [1994] edition with a red cover. The red-cover edition has most, but not all, of the green-cover edition's chapters. If you buy the red-cover edition, you will have to copy some chapters from someone else's book.)

   In addition to the two textbooks, we will use four xeroxed Kennedy School case studies and two Pew Case Studies, also available for sale at the Rutgers College Book Store and New Jersey Books. For those of you who would prefer to order directly on the web, the Kennedy School cases can be purchased from www.ksgcase.harvard.edu and the Pew Case Studies can be purchased from www.guisd.org.
   

3. Kennedy School Case #144: "The Coming of the Cold War."
4. Kennedy School Case #279: "Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs."
5. Kennedy School Case #661: "Falklands/Malvinas (A): Breakdown of Negotiations."
6. Kennedy School Case #1549: "Containing the Chaos: The US-UN Intervention in the Congo, 1960-1965."
7. Pew Case Study #518: "The Problems of Doing Good: Somalia as a Case Study in Humanitarian Intervention."
8. Pew Case Study #520: "Shell in Nigeria: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Ogoni Crisis."

   I have also asked the bookstores to stock an inexpensive atlas for those of you who want to study your world geography after library closing time or without logging onto the net.

   Though it is not a requirement for the course, I strongly encourage you to read a major daily newspaper -- the New York Times, Washington Post, or Wall Street Journal. The foreign correspondents for these papers provide coverage that offers a wealth of insights into the issues we will be discussing in class, as well as illustrations of the concepts we are developing and new questions to be answered and mysteries to be resolved. The New York Times usually offers a cut-rate subscription to students. Though it is very expensive, the Economist, a weekly news magazine published in Britain, provides extraordinarily well-written and well-researched accounts of international affairs.

7. Study Groups. Although we do not require or formally organize them, we strongly encourage students to form their own regular study groups. It has been our experience that study groups are enormously helpful in identifying key questions for review or greater study, in clarifying concepts and ideas, and in honing arguments. It has also been our experience that participants in serious study groups get more out of the course and find exams easier. We encourage you to meet regularly with friends or with others from your discussion sections.

8. Cheating and Plagiarism. Neither will be tolerated. Period. Suspected instances will be handed over to college deans for disciplinary action. All quizzes, exams, and papers for this class are individual work. No notes of any sort may be used on quizzes and exams and no help is to be given or received while they are in progress. By handing in a paper, each student is affirming that this paper is her or his own personal work and that it was written by him or her. On papers, whenever another author's words are used, this is to be indicated by enclosing these words in quotation marks and indicating the name of the author and the source for the quotation. On papers, whenever another individual's ideas are used, this must be acknowledged and indicated by citing the individual and source. If you are unclear about what constitutes plagiarism, it is your responsibility to see one of the instructors before handing your work in.

9. Grading. Grading will be as follows:

• 2 papers, each 10% = 20%
• 5 quizzes, each 2% = 10%
• 2 midterm exams, each 15% = 30%
• section participation = 10%
• 1 final exam = 30%

Tuesday, January 21: Introduction.

• Syllabus

PART I. A WORLD OF NATION-STATES: BASIC CONCEPTS

Friday, January 24: The State.

• GPCW, Chapter 1 ("Continuity and Change in Global Politics")
• IR, Chapter 1 (Mansbach et al., "The Rise of the State")
• IR, Chapter 2 (Tilly, "The State")

Tuesday, January 28: Nationalism and the State.

• IR, Chapter 3 (Krasner, "Strong and Weak States")
• IR, Chapter 4 (Connor, "The Nation")
• IR, Chapter 5 (Connor, "The Development of Nations")

Friday, January 31: Anarchy, Power, and Coercion.
** QUIZ: The Americas

• IR, Chapter 6 (Waltz, "Anarchy")
• IR, Chapter 7 (Knorr, "Power,")
• IR, Chapter 8 (Schelling, "Coercion")

Tuesday, February 4: Studying International Relations -- The Problem of Knowing.

• IR, Chapter 29 (Rosenau and Durfee, "Thinking Theoretically")
• IR, Chapter 30 (Carr, "Interpreting History")
• IR, Chapter 31 (Licklider, "How Do We Know What We Know?")

Wednesday, February 5 or Friday, February 7: Section -- Sovereignty, Territory, and Nationalism.

• Kennedy School Case Study #661: "Falklands/Malvinas (A): Breakdown of Negotiations."

Tuesday, February 11: Realism, Morality, and War.

• IR, Chapter 14 (Wolfers, "International Morality")
• IR, Chapter 15 (Thucydides, "Realism")
• IR, Chapter 16 (Johnson, "Just War Theory")

Friday, February 14: Beyond Sovereignty (I) -- Weakening States, Terrorism, and Endemic Violence.
** QUIZ: Africa and the Middle East

• GPCW, Chapter 2 ("Out of Control: The Rise of Postmodern War")
• GPCW, Chapter 3 ("A New Kind of War? International Terrorism")
• GPCW, Chapter 5 ("Failed States")

Tuesday, February 18: Beyond Sovereignty (II) -- International Society, Government, and Law.

• IR, Chapter 9 (Bull, "International Systems and Societies")
• IR, Chapter 10 (Bull, "Anarchical Society")
• IR, Chapter 11 (Keohane, "International Regimes")
• IR, Chapter 12 (Bull, "International Law")
• GPCW, Chapter 6 ("Solving Shared Problems: International Organizations")
• GPCW, Chapter 8 ("Thy Brother's Keeper: Human Righs and International Law in the Postinternational Era")

Wednesday, February 19 or Friday, February 21: Section -- How Sovereign Is the Sovereign State?

• Kennedy School Case Study #1549: "Containing the Chaos: The US-UN Intervention in the Congo, 1960-1965."

Tuesday, February 25: ** FIRST MIDTERM

Wednesday, February 26 or Friday, February 28: Section -- Sovereignty v. Global Obligations.
** FIRST PAPER DUE

• Pew Case Study #518: The Problems of Doing Good: Somalia as a Case Study in Humanitarian Intervention"
• George W. Bush, "West Point Address, 1 June 2002." Available on the web at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.html
• Also of interest: The United States National Security Strategy. Available on the web at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html (PDF also available)
  

Tuesday, March 4: Beyond Sovereignty (III) -- The Role of Non-State Actors and the Emergence of Complex Interdependence.

• GPCW, Chapter 7 ("Ties That Bind: The Rise of Transnational Institutions")
• IR, Chapter 13 (Keohane and Nye, "Complex Interdependence")

PART II. EXPLAINING CONFLICT AND COOPERATION: LEVELS OF ANALYSIS

Friday, March 7: "The System Made Me Do It" -- The Security Dilemma and the Balance of Power.
** QUIZ: Eastern Europe

• IR, Chapter 18 (Jervis, "The Security Dilemma")
• IR, Chapter 19 (Gulick, "The Balance of Power")

Tuesday, March 11: Hegemony, Hegemonic War, and Hegemonic Stability.

• IR, Chapter 20 (Gilpin, "Hegemonic Conflict and Cooperation")
• IR, Chapter 21 (Keohane, "Conflict and Cooperation in the Absence of Hegemony")

Wednesday, March 12 or Friday, March 14: Section -- Levels of Analysis and Explaining the Cold War.

• Kennedy School Case Study #144: "The Coming of the Cold War."

Tuesday, March 25: "National Interest" Problemetized: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy.

• IR, Chapter 22 (Krasner, "Marxist and Liberal Explanations")
• IR, Chapter 23 (Levy, "Domestic Factors")

Friday, March 28: Bureaucratic Politics and Standard Operating Procedures.
** QUIZ: Western Europe

• IR, Chapter 24 (Allison, "Organizational Behavior")
• IR, Chapter 25 (Allison, "Governmental Politics")

Tuesday, April 1: Mean and Stupid: The Human Dimension of International Violence.

• IR, Chapter 26 (Stevens, "Human Biology")
• IR, Chapter 27 (Lebow, "Cognition and Stress")

Wednesday, April 2 or Friday, April 4: Section -- Stumbling into Disaster: American Foreign Policy-Making and the Bay of Pigs Fiasco.
** SECOND PAPER DUE

• Kennedy School Case Study #279: "Kennedy and the Bay of Pigs."

Tuesday, April 8: ** SECOND MIDTERM

PART III. GLOBAL TRANSFORMATION

Friday, April 11: Rethinking the Meaning of Security
** QUIZ: Asia

• GPCW, Chapter 9 ("The Problem of Soft Security: Disease, Migration, and Crime")
• GPCW, Chapter 12 ("Environmental Issues and the Global Commons")

Tuesday, April 15: A Global Economy.

• GPCW, Chapter 10 ("Managing a Global Economy")
• GPCW, Chapter 11 ("Poverty and Development")

Wednesday, April 16 or Friday, April 18: Section -- Development, Human Rights, Sovereignty, and Corporate Responsibility.

• Pew Case Study #520: "Shell in Nigeria: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Ogoni Crisis."
• GPCW, Reading 7.6 (Noritmitsu Onishi, "Deep in the Republic of Chevron")

Tuesday, April 22: Deterring Nuclear Holocaust and Worrying About Weapons of Mass Destruction.

• GPCW, Chapter 4 ("War Without Victors: Weapons of Mass Destruction")

Wednesday, April 23 or Friday, April 25: Section -- Economic Interdependence.

• William Mabe, "The Economic Crisis in Asia." (available on the web)
• GPCW, Reading 10.4 (Nicholas D. Kristof and Cheryl WuDunn, "World's Market's, None of Them an Island")

Tuesday, April 29: "Us" and "Them" -- Constructing Identity, Nationalism, and Gender

• GPCW, Chapter 13 ("Nationalism, Ethnicity, and Tribalism")
• GPCW, Chapter 14 ("Gender and Global Politics")

Friday, May 2: One World or Several?

• GPCW, Chapter 15 ("Globalization Versus Localization")
• GPCW, Afterword ("Where to From Here?")
• IR, Chapter 28 (Bull, "Alternative Futures")

Friday, May 9 AT 8 A.M.-- Note Time and Room to Be Announced.
**FINAL EXAM
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